It
was there in the parlor of the McLean home that Lee and Grant discussed
terms for the surrender of the Confederate army. The terms provided by
Grant were extremely generous ones, even allowing the officers to keep
their personal sidearms and swords and the Confederate cavalry to keep
their horses. The Union army would even provide food for the now
starving Confederate army from captured Confederate supply trains. Grant
even refused to take Lee's dress sword. He just wanted the whole sorry
mess over with, as did his defeated but still dignified opponent. Lee
signed the hastily written terms and both men shook hands.
In
the distance cannons could be heard firing still. Grant is informed
that the men were firing them in celebration of the surrender. Grant
orders that the cannons cease firing, feeling no desire to rejoice in
the downfall of fellow Americans.
Lee
would return to his soldiers and inform them of the surrender of the
army. Some soldiers would desert and attempt to get to North Carolina
and the Army of Tennessee still fighting against Sherman's forces.
Others, who were just as tired of the war, of the death and destruction,
wanted to return to the homes they'd been fighting to defend and resume
their lives and learn if their families were safe.
Three
days later, on Wednesday, April 12th, exactly four years to the day
that the first shots of the War Between The States took place in
Charleston Harbor, Union General Joshua L. Chamberlain assembles the
Union Fifth Corps along the main street of Appomattox Court House as
part of the formal surrender ceremony. Around 12,000 men of the Army of
Northern Virginia under Confederate General John B. Gordon march past
their Union counterparts and stack their arms and furled battle flags.
Chamberlain and the Union men reportedly saluted the passing
Confederates, who saluted back.
The following are two accounts of that moment written by General Chamberlain:
The Last Salute Of The Army Of Northern Virginia.
From the Boston Journal, May, 1901
Details of the Surrender of General Lee at Appomattox Courthouse, April 9th, 1865.
LENIENT TERMS OF GENERAL GRANT.
By General J. L. Chamberlain
"Having thus formed, the brigades standing at 'order arms,' the head of
the Confederate column, General Gordon in command, and the old
'Stonewall' Jackson Brigade leading, started down into the valley which
lay between us, and approached our lines. With my staff I was on the
extreme right of the line, mounted on horseback, and in a position
nearest the Rebel solders who were approaching our right.
"Ah,
but it was a most impressive sight, a most striking picture, to see that
whole army in motion to lay down the symbols of war and strife, that
army which had fought for four terrible years after a fashion but
infrequently known in war.
"At such a time and under such
conditions I thought it eminently fitting to show some token of our
feeling, and I therefore instructed my subordinate officers to come to
the position of 'salute' in the manual of arms as each body of the
Confederates passed before us.
"It was not a 'present arms,'
however, not a 'present,' which then as now was the highest possible
honor to be paid even to a president. It was the 'carry arms,' as it was
then known, with musket held by the right hand and perpendicular to the
shoulder. I may best describe it as a marching salute in review.
"When General Gordon came opposite me I had the bugle blown and the
entire line came to 'attention,' preparatory to executing this movement
of the manual successively and by regiments as Gordon's columns should
pass before our front, each in turn.
"The General was riding in
advance of his troops, his chin drooped to his breast, downhearted and
dejected in appearance almost beyond description. At the sound of that
machine like snap of arms, however, General Gordon started, caught in a
moment its significance, and instantly assumed the finest attitude of a
soldier. He wheeled his horse facing me, touching him gently with the
spur, so that the animal slightly reared, and as he wheeled, horse and
rider made one motion, the horse's head swung down with a graceful bow,
and General Gordon dropped his swordpoint to his toe in salutation.
"By word of mouth General Gordon sent back orders to the rear that his
own troops take the same position of the manual in the march past as did
our line. That was done, and a truly imposing sight was the mutual
salutation and farewell.
"At a distance of possibly twelve feet
from our line, the Confederates halted and turned face towards us. Their
lines were formed with the greatest care, with every officer in his
appointed position, and thereupon began the formality of surrender.
"Bayonets were affixed to muskets, arms stacked, and cartridge boxes
unslung and hung upon the stacks. Then, slowly and with a reluctance
that was appealingly pathetic, the torn and tattered battleflags were
either leaned against the stacks or laid upon the ground. The emotion of
the conquered soldiery was really sad to witness. Some of the men who
had carried and followed those ragged standards through the four long
years of strife, rushed, regardless of all discipline, from the ranks,
bent about their old flags, and pressed them to their lips with burning
tears.
"And it can well be imagined, too, that there was no lack
of emotion on our side, but the Union men were held steady in their
lines, without the least show of demonstration by word or by motion.
There was, though, a twitching of the muscles of their faces, and, be it
said, their battle-bronzed cheeks were not altogether dry. Our men felt
the import of the occasion, and realized fully how they would have been
affected if defeat and surrender had been their lot after such a
fearful struggle.
"Nearly an entire day was necessary for that
vast parade to pass. About 27,000 stands of arms were laid down, with
something like a hundred battleflags; cartridges were destroyed, and the
arms loaded on cars and sent off to Wilmington.
"Every token of
armed hostility was laid aside by the defeated men. No officer
surrendered his side arms or horse, if private property, only
Confederate property being required, according to the terms of
surrender, dated April 9, 1865, and stating that all arms, artillery,
and public property were to be packed and stacked and turned over to the
officer duly appointed to receive them.
"And right here I wish
to correct again that statement so often attributed to me, to the effect
that I have said I received from the hands of General Lee on that day
his sword. Only recently, at a banquet in Newtown, glass., of the
Katahdin Club, composed of sons and daughters of my own beloved State,
it was said in press dispatches that a letter had been read front me in
which I made the claim that I had received Lee's sword. I never did make
that claim even, as I never did receive that sword.
"As I have
said, no Confederate officer was required or even asked to surrender his
side arms if they were his personal property. As a matter of fact,
General Lee never gave up his sword, although, if I am not mistaken,
there was some conference between General Grant and some of the members
of his staff upon that very subject just before the final surrender. I
was not present at that conference, however, and only know of it by
hearsay.
"But, as I was saying, every token of armed hostility
having been laid aside, and the men having given their words of honor
that they would never serve again against the flag, they were free to go
whither they would and as best they could. In the meantime our army had
been supplying them with rations. On the next morning, however, the
morning of the 13th, we could see the men, singly or in squads, making
their way slowly into the distance, in whichever direction was nearest
home, and by nightfall we were left there at Appomattox Courthouse
lonesome and alone."
Source: Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. XXXII, Richmond, Va., January - December. 1904.
From the book: The Passing of the Armies; An Account of the Final Campaign of the
Army of the Potomac, Based Upon Personal Reminiscences of the Fifth
Army Corps by Joshua L. Chamberlain (pp 260-261):
The momentous meaning of this occasion impressed me deeply. I
resolved to mark it by some token of recognition, which could be no
other than a salute of arms. Well aware of the responsibility assumed,
and of the criticisms that would follow, as the sequel proved, nothing
of that kind could move me in the least. The act could be defended, if
needful, by the suggestion that such a salute was not to the cause for
which the flag of the Confederacy stood, but to its going down before
the flag of the Union. My main reason, however, was one for which I
sought no authority nor asked forgiveness. Before us in proud
humiliation stood the embodiment of manhood: men whom neither toils and
sufferings, nor the fact of death, nor disaster, nor hopelessness could
bend from their resolve; standing before us now, thin, worn, and
famished, but erect, and with eyes looking level into ours, waking
memories that bound us together as no other bond; -was not such manhood
to be welcomed back into a Union so tested and assured? Instructions had
been given; and when the head of each division column comes opposite
our group, our bugle sounds the signal and instantly our whole line from
right to left, regiment by regiment in succession, gives the soldier's
salutation, from the "order arms" to the old "carry" -the marching
salute. Gordon at the head of the column, riding with heavy spirit and
downcast face, catches the sound of shifting arms, looks up, and, taking
the meaning, wheels superbly, making with himself and his horse one
uplifted figure, with profound salutation as he drops the point of his
sword to the boot toe; then facing to his own command, gives word for
his successive brigades to pass us with the same position of the
manual, - honor answering honor. On our part not a sound of trumpet more,
nor roll of drum; not a cheer, nor word nor whisper of vain-glorying,
nor motion of man standing again at the order, but an awed stillness
rather, and breath-holding, as if it were the passing of the dead!
Source: Chamberlain, Joshua Lawrence (1915). The
Passing of the Armies: An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of
the Potomac, Based upon Personal Reminiscences of the Fifth Army Corps. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-553-29992-1.
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- "Many are the hearts that are weary tonight,
- Wishing for the war to cease;
- Many are the hearts looking for the right,
- To see the dawn of peace."
~Tenting Tonight On The Old Campground (1863)
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