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The War Between The States
(American Civil War) 1861 - 1865 |
The Old English District of upstate South Carolina
holds numerous sites of important historical significance related to American
history, particularly those related to the Southern Campaign of the American
Revolutionary War (1775 - 1783) and the War Between the States (1861 - 1865).
Many of them local incidents that had significant -- often times defining -- impacts on American history
as a whole. Others are simply local tales that related to important aspects of
Southern and American history. Many of those tales I plan to talk about here at
Southern Fried Common Sense over the course of the year.
February 1865 - Sherman Marches North
On February 20, 1865, Union army forces under the
command of US Major General William Tecumseh Sherman began advancing north
through South Carolina from the fallen state capital of Columbia -- now half
burned and destroyed.
There is significant debate among modern Civil War historians as to who actually burned Columbia.
In his official reports, Sherman placed the blame
on Confederate Lieutenant General Wade Hampton III, who Sherman said ordered the
burning of cotton in the streets and high winds that spread the fire to nearby
buildings. This despite the fact that eyewitness testimony claims no cotton was
left burning.
Sherman would later recant this allegation and admit lying in his
Memoirs (Vol. 11 pg. 287):
"In my
official report of this conflagration I distinctly charged it to General Wade
Hampton, and confess I did so pointedly to shake the faith of his people in
him, for was in my opinion a braggart and professed to be the special champion
of South Carolina."
It is possibly, of course, that Sherman lied in his
memoirs. By the time he wrote them Reconstruction has ended and Hampton had
indeed become the champion of South Carolina -- as well as its first
post-Reconstruction governor. Sherman might well have allowed his bitterness over
that fact to color his memory and exaggerate his tale.
The best proof over who really caused the
destruction is the damning admission in 1867 of Major General Oliver O. Howard,
then in command of the US 15th Corps of Sherman's army during the burning.
During a chance meeting with former Confederate General Hampton in the office
of Federal occupation Governor James Laurence Orr in Columbia, the two former
combatants were introduced in the presence of many dignitaries. Hampton reportedly
asked, "Before I take your hand
General Howard, tell me who burnt Columbia?" General Howard would
reply, "It is useless to deny that
our troops burnt Columbia, for I saw them in the act." (See Edwin J. Scott, Random Recollections of
a Long Life. Pg. 185; The Burning of Columbia, Charleston, SC, 1888, pg. 11.)
Now playing devil's advocate here, Sherman as a
professional soldier probably contented himself with seeing that war material
and railroad equipment vital to the dying Confederacy was destroyed, and simply
did little to restrain the conduct of his men, leaving that job to his
subordinates, many of whom likely choose to look the other way. Sherman himself
gave no specific order to destroy and loot the surrendered city itself.
To the credit of some of Sherman's men, they did help fight the fires set to several
buildings by their drunken comrades, including the University of South
Carolina, largely sparing the college from the flames. Other Union soldiers however
were credited with the destruction of a church, the old State Capitol building
and breaking off the cane of a statue of George Washington that still stands today in
front of the current State Capitol building (which today still bears six marks
where Sherman's artillery barrage of the city struck the building as it was
still under construction) among other various acts a day after the surrender of
the city.
Regardless of how -- or whom -- specifically set the
fires that gutted half of Columbia, there is no denying that even today the
name William T. Sherman firmly stands besides other notorious names in South Carolina's
history like Edward "Blackbeard" Teach and "Bloody Ban" Tarleton.
There is also no denying that some of Sherman's men
-- "Bummers" as opposed to foragers who were sent out to commandeer
supplies from the countryside -- committed terrible acts of destruction, theft
and murder during the Carolina Campaign in 1865.
Sherman was aware that his force was larger than
anything the retreating Confederates and the local home guard forces could
throw at him. In fact, Sherman's force of sixty-three thousand soldiers was
at that point in time more than twice as large as General Robert E. Lee's own Army of Northern
Virginia, which at that time was trapped in Petersburg, Virginia, by Union
Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant. Sherman's main opponent, Confederate General Joseph
E. Johnson had only enough men to slow down Sherman's advance.
Regardless, "Uncle Billy" (as his men
affectionately called him) wanted to be careful. He was still deep in hostile
territory hundreds of miles from supplies and any other Union forces, save for
those in Charleston on the coast. He had to keep the Confederates from guessing
his next objective, which would either be Raleigh, or Goldsboro, North
Carolina.
To keep Johnson and the Confederate forces from
concentrating their forces in the northeast part of the state, Sherman decided
to "feint" (a military maneuver that fakes the army's true direction)
directly north towards Charlotte, North Carolina.
My hometown of Chester, South Carolina (then known
as Chesterville) lay in the direction of Sherman's feint.
His main force would go as far north as Winnsboro
twenty-five miles to the South of Chester before turning northeast towards the
old town of Camden. Sherman's main force did not come to Chester County, though
some elements of his Union cavalry and the army's left flank would in late
February and early March of 1865.
The Hanging Of Burrel Hemphill
In front of the Hopewell Reformed Presbyterian
Church just to the northeast of the small town of Blackstock in the southern
part of Chester County is a small stone monument dedicated to the memory of a
slave named Burrel Hemphill. Burrel was the slave of Robert Hemphill, who owned
twenty-two hundred acres near the church. Both Robert and Burrel were both
members of Hopewell Church (founded and organized in 1787).
When the Yankees (Federals) arrived, the Hemphill
family fled and Burrel was left in charge of the estate. Burrel buried the
family silver in the woods, but was caught by Union soldiers upon his return.
According to the eyewitness accounts of his grandson, who witnessed the
incident, Hemphill refused to tell the Bummers where he'd hidden the valuables.
The angry Yankee soldiers then dragged Burrel to a spot near the church and hanged
him, then lowered him several times, then hanging him again, repeating their
demand that he tell where the valuables were hidden. Burrel refused and
eventually died from the torture. The Bummers would then use his hanging body
for target practice.
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Hopewell Reformed Presbyterian Church on Hopewell Church
Road (SC 12-36) near Blackstock, SC. |
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| The Burrel Hemphill Marker in front of the church. |
Chesterville
in 1865 - A Hub Of Activity
In 1865, following the surrender and subsequent destruction
of Columbia's railway yard, Chesterville was the southern-most point in the
dying Confederacy that could be reached by train. A hub of activity,
Chesterville in 1865 served as an arsenal and had four hospitals dedicated to
the care of wounded soldiers coming in by train on almost a daily basis. Many died in the hospitals, or in transit from Columbia, and would be buried in nearby cemeteries -- notably Evergreen Cemetery a mile away from the station.
In March and April of 1865, as the War was coming to its end, Chesterville became a beacon for refugees fleeing the Union Army. On April 13, 1865, Chesterville's Southern Railroad Station (located on Lancaster Street) would be
the end of the line for the heavily guarded Confederate treasury train from Richmond.
On the train were boxes of gold and silver, which were loaded onto wagons and transported south. Of equal importance on the train were valuable government records, including both the original provisional and permanent Confederate Constitutions, and the Great Seal of the Confederacy. The Constitutions were recovered and kept safe by Mr. Felix Gregory DeFontaine, who later sold both of them to museums. The provisional constitution ended up in the Confederate Museum in Richmond, VA; the permanent constitution is now owned by the University of Georgia.
Several important passengers who also arrived in the city on the train were Mrs. Varina Davis, wife of Confederate President Jefferson Davis, and their children, who were traveling south to join her husband in Georgia after the fall of Richmond. Also with the Davis children was Jim Limber, a young African-American boy adopted by the Confederate First Family.
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Mrs. Varina Davis, First Lady of the
Confederate States of America. |
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The Davis children (1867).
Left to Right: Jeff Jr., Margaret (Maggie), Varina Anne (Winnie)
and William (Billy). |
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| Young Jim Limber. |
On main street in Chester today, near the Confederate
Soldiers Monument erected in 1905, stand the Devega Building, then a hotel in
1865. It was there in April of that year that the famous civil war novelist
Mary Boykin Chesnut and her husband Brigadier General James Chestnut Jr. rented
a room in the hotel that existed there and entertained Mrs.
Davis and her children. Mrs. Chesnut would also pen some of her famous novel A Diary From Dixie in that building. From the upper windows of the Devaga Building, Mrs. Chestnut could see the fires from the burning of Columbia over fifty miles away to the south.
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| The Devega Building as it stands today. |
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| The Devega Building Marker. |
Following their departure south in an ambulance, heavy rains would make the roads nearly impassable and bog down Mrs. Davis' wagon. The Confederate First Lady then carried her baby Winnie in her arms for six miles to Woodward Baptist Church (located at 1570 Ashford Road) where, according to some sources, Varina and her children slept the night on the church pews before departing toward Georgia the next morning to be reunited with President Davis.
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Woodward Baptist Church where Varina Davis and her
children spent the night sleeping on the church pews according
to the local folklore. |
The Saving of the Confederate States Constitution
It was a newspaper correspondent, Felix Gregory
DeFontaine (1824-1896), who found and saved the Confederate Constitution at a railroad station in
Chester, among boxes of other records that were ferried out of
Richmond, Virginia, as the Confederate capital was evacuated in 1865.
DeFontaine
later sold the copy to one of Georgia’s richest families in 1883 and the
University of Georgia bought it nearly 60 years later, where it remains to this day. Before that, the
constitution was displayed for several years at the Library of Congress
in Washington and was shown at other events and museums.
Mr. DeFontaine is buried in Columbia's historic Elmwood Cemetery.
The Chester Cannons
In late February, 1865, Confederate General Wade Hampton
came to Chesterville to make sure that what was left in the arsenal was out of
Sherman's grasp. Hampton himself would order four - 10lb cannon tubes spiked
and buried about a hundred yards from the railroad depot. Those cannons would
remain buried for approximately 121 years before being discovered during
construction of an addition to Chester's Cavalry Baptist Church in February of
1986.
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| Cavalry Baptist Church in downtown Chester, SC. |
The cannon tubes were identified as 10 lb. Confederate
Parrott rifles, each weighing approximately 1150 pounds -- four of only 77 of
its type and size produced by the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia
during the period of November 18, 1861 to February 20, 1865.
These cannons would be carefully disarmed -- all four of
them were loaded with live rounds and gunpowder -- and preserved, then
restored. Two of the cannons would be mounted onto carriages and placed on
display in Chester. One near the Confederate Soldiers Monument in the town
square and the other in front of the Chester County Courthouse. The third would
be displayed permanently in the civil war section of the South Carolina State
Museum in Columbia.
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| Marker with details about the cannon and its ordinance. |
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First Confederate Parrott Rifle in Chester's town square
near the Confederate Soldiers Monument. |
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Second Confederate Parrott Rifle in front of the
Chester County Courthouse. |
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Third Confederate Parrott Rifle on display in the
South Carolina State Museum in Columbia. |
The final cannon, which would come to be known as the
Chester Gun, was re-bored and sleeved to make it safe to fire -- the ONLY live firing
10 lb. Confederate-made cannon in the world. The Chester County Historical Society would then purchase a reproduction wooden carriage along with a wheeled
limber. The cannon would be on renewable loan to the 6th South Carolina
Volunteer Infantry Regiment re-enactors who used it in a number of local and
national re-enactment and living history events. During the Sesquicentennial of the War Between the States, the Chester Gun took part in
many of the 150th anniversary re-enactments from Fort Sumter, Shiloh, and most
recently Gettysburg in 2013, where it pleased re-enactors and spectators
alike.
Most recently, I saw the cannon again at the South Carolina Division Sons of Confederate Veterans 2014 Reunion in Florence, SC. along with several other interesting artifices.
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The Chester Gun, the only live-firing Confederate-made civil war
cannon in existence. Photo taken at the SC Division Sons of
Confederate Veterans Reunion in March 2014. |
A Union Soldier's Grave
I
mentioned before and in a previous post that many of the Confederate wounded in hospitals and carried by train through Chesterville died in 1865 and were hastily buried in Chester's Evergreen Cemetery. A total of 53 graves are labeled Unknown CSA. One other was recently identified and given a grave marker by the Walker-Gaston Camp #86 Sons of Confederate Veterans in 2007. The only other known Confederate soldier, an 89 year old aged Confederate Veteran from Georgia who wanted to be buried with comrades, is buried in the same plot.
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Fifty-three Unknown Confederate Soldiers buried in
Evergreen Cemetery, Chester, SC. |
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Pvt. William G. Parker
Co. G, Cobb's Legion Georgia Volunteers CSA. | | | | |
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Pvt. Reuben T. Ashley
Co I, 19th SC Infantry CSA
recently identified and given a new marker by
the Walker-Gaston Camp #86 SCV in 2007. |
Also buried in the plot with these men is a 19 year-old Union soldier, Charles F. Emerson of the 15th Maine Volunteers, who joined the Union army at the age of 15. He died of "lung fever" (pneumonia) on March 14, 1866, while acting as part of the town's occupation force. It was often the practice of the Federal occupation to bury their dead with Confederate soldiers as a means of reminding the local populace of their "reunited" status. His large, well-inscribed headstone stands in stark contrast to the simple "Unknown" granite markers of his Confederate counterparts.
Regardless of why he was buried there, his grave is honored on US Memorial Day with a new US flag. The Unknown Confederates (and two known ones) buried with him are also honored with Confederate battle flags on their graves on Confederate Memorial Day -- something I have personally seen to every year since 1993.
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Pvt. Charles F. Emerson
Co. G, 15th Maine Infantry USA. |
That concludes some of the stories about my hometown and county during the final days of the American Civil War. In the coming couple months, I will post more interesting tales about the war in the upcountry of South Carolina during the final days of the war.
(Sources for this blog post may be found at: http://chesterschistory.org/index.html as well as the excellent and detailed reference book: Touring the Carolinas' Civil War Sites by Clint Johnson ISBN 0-89587-146-7. All photos were taken by this blogger, Mr. C. W. Roden.)
